什么是范德比尔特
Vanderbilt, Cornelius
美国航运和铁路巨头。1810年购置第一艘小船,在纽约港口以摆渡为生。1812年战争时期拥有几艘木船,为政府运输军需。1818年出卖所有船只,当轮船船长。1829年在哈得逊湾开办自己的汽轮公司。收费低廉,座位舒适,因此控制了航运业务。後来,经营东北海运。到1846年他已是一个百万富翁。他组织了一个公司,经营从纽约市和纽奥良取道尼加拉瓜到旧金山的客货运输业务。因航路既迅速又便宜,他的公司获得巨大成功。後来,竞争对手以高价购买这一航线的业务。1850年代,他的目光转向铁路,购入纽约-哈林铁路公司的股票。又取得哈得逊河铁路和纽约中央铁路。死後,其遗产达一亿美元以上,是当时美国最大的贮蓄。曾捐款一百万美元给田纳西州的中央(後改称范德比尔特)大学。其大部遗产留给了他的儿子范德比尔特(W. H. Vanderbilt, 1821~1885),後者大规模扩展纽约中央铁路网,并购入其他铁路,将家族的财富增加了一倍。
1794~1877年
Vanderbilt, Cornelius
U.S. shipping and railroad magnate. Born in Port Richmond, Staten Island, N.Y., he began a passenger ferry business in New York harbor in 1810 with one boat, which he expanded to a small fleet in the War of 1812 to supply government outposts. He sold his boats to work as a steamship captain (1818-29), then started his own steamship company on the Hudson River. By cutting fares and offering luxury, he soon controlled the river traffic. He then provided transportation along the eastern seacoast. By 1846 he was a millionaire. He formed the Accessory Transit Co. to transport passengers and freight from New York to the California gold fields via Nicaragua. He again undercut his competitors, and they bought him out at a high price (1858). Turning to railroads, he acquired controlling stock in the New York and Harlem Railroad. After losing a battle for control of the Erie Railroad (1868), he bought and consolidated the Hudson River and the New York Central railroads (1869). After buying the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad (1873), he provided the first rail service between New York and Chicago. At his death, he left a fortune of over $100 million, the largest accumulated in the U.S. to that date. He gave $1 million to Central (later Vanderbilt) Univ. He left almost all the rest to his son William H. Vanderbilt (1821-1885), who greatly expanded the New York Central network, acquired other railroads, and doubled the family fortune.
-
什么是空间天文技术
在地面上观测天体,必须通过大气窗口,因而只能在几个电磁波段内进行,就是在这些波段观测,也要受到大气和尘埃的干扰。空间天文观测的特点,在于越过地球大气这个障碍,对天体作全电磁波段的探测。人造卫星、火箭和气球技术为空间天文学的发展提供了必要的手段。为了控制...
-
什么是宁波市
中国东地沿海著名港市,和对外开放的沿海城市之一,浙江省第2大工业城市,省辖市,浙东经济中心。简称甬。位于省境东北部,甬江两源流──奉化江与余姚江交汇处及其下游。辖5区及鄞县、宁海、象山3县。面积9365平方公里,人口510.76万;其中市区面积1033平方公里,人口108.54...
-
什么是µç´Å¼¶Áª´ØÉä
¸ßÄܵç×Ó¡¢Õýµç×Ó»ò¹â×ÓÔÚÎïÖÊÖжÏÐøµØ£¬¼´¼¶ÁªµØ¾¹ý¶à´Îµç´Å×÷ÓòúÉú´óÁ¿µç×Ó¡¢Õýµç×Ó¼°¹â×ÓµÄÏÖÏó¡£Æä»ù±¾»úÖÆÊǸßÄܵç×Ó£¨»ò...
-
什么是三边测量
在地面上布设一系列连续的三角形,采取测边方式来测定各三角形顶点水平位置的方法。是建立大地控制网和工程测量控制网的方法之一。由于在地面上直接丈量距离一般困难很多,三边测量要求丈量所有的边,困难尤甚。直到1948年和1956年先后出现光电测距仪和微波测距仪后...