什么是加里波底

Garibaldi, Giuseppe

义大利民族统一运动的着名领袖，复兴运动的军人。出生於渔民家庭，早年当过水手和船长。1834年受马志尼的影响，参与了试图在皮埃蒙特引发共和革命的一场叛变，但失败，逃到法国。1836～1848年流亡南美，曾参加巴西和乌拉圭等国的革命运动，学得游击战策略。1848年返回义大利，带领他的「红衫军」在米兰参加义奥战争，维护义大利民族独立。在教宗庇护九世逃出罗马後，加里波底暂时防卫罗马城，以抵抗法军企图恢复教宗统治。後来大胆穿越义大利中部撤退，成为家喻户晓的英雄。他再次流亡，直到1854年，1859年率领军队与奥地利作战。1860年在没有政府力量的支持下，召募1,000名志愿人员攻打西西里，但战到最後时，他的军队扩增至三万人，後来夺占那不勒斯城。加里波底控制了整个义大利南部，把它交给维克托.伊曼纽尔二世，并拥戴他为统一的义大利第一任国王。在维克托.伊曼纽尔的暗助下，他在1862和1867年两次进攻教廷国，但都未能成功。

1807～1882年

Garibaldi, Giuseppe

Italian patriot and soldier of the Risorgimento. He came under the influence of Giuseppe Mazzini in 1834, took part in a failed mutiny intended to provoke a republican revolution in Piedmont, and escaped to France. He lived in exile in South America (1836-48) and learned guerrilla warfare tactics during liberation attempts in Brazil and Uruguay. He returned to Italy in 1848 with his small band of “Red Shirts” and fought in Milan in the war of independence against Austria. After Pope Pius IX fled Rome (1848), Garibaldi for a while defended the city from the French when they attempted to reinstate papal rule. His bold retreat through central Italy made him a well-known figure. He lived in exile again until 1854, and in 1859 he led an army in another war against Austria. In 1860, with no government backing, he raised an army of about 1,000 men and attacked Sicily; by the end of his campaign, he commanded 30,000 men, with whom he seized Naples. He handed all of southern Italy over to Victor Emmanuel II and hailed him as the first king of a united Italy. With secret support from Victor Emmanuel, he led unsuccessful campaigns into the Papal States in 1862 and 1867.