什么是玻利瓦尔

Bolívar, Simón

别名解放者（The Liberator）

拉丁美洲士兵和政治人物，在新格拉纳达总督辖区（今哥伦比亚、委内瑞拉和厄瓜多尔）、秘鲁和上秘鲁（今玻利维亚）领导了反西班牙人统治的革命运动。是委内瑞拉贵族的儿子，在欧洲受教育。他受到欧洲理性主义的影响，加入委内瑞拉独立运动，成为杰出的政治和军事领袖。1810年革命者们将西班牙总督逐出委内瑞拉，1811年委内瑞拉宣布独立。1814年这个年轻的共和国被西班牙人打败，玻利瓦尔流亡出境。1819年他带领两千五百人走过人们认为不可能通过的路线，大胆突袭新格拉那达。结果让西班牙人大感意外，而迅速击败了他们。在苏克雷的帮助下，1822年他实现了厄瓜多尔的独立。1824年在秘鲁完成了圣马丁的革命工作，解放了那个国家。根据玻利瓦尔的命令，1825年苏克雷解放了上秘鲁。玻利瓦尔担任了哥伦比亚总统（1821～1830）和秘鲁总统（1823～1829），监督1826年西班牙系拉丁美洲国家联盟的创立，但不久这些新国家就互相开战。解放容易，治国难，他在治理国家方面不很成功，最後流亡，在前往欧洲途中去世。

1783～1830年

Bolívar, Simón

South American soldier and statesman who led the revolutions against Spanish rule in New Granada (now Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador), Peru, and Upper Peru (now Bolivia). The son of a Venezuelan aristocrat, Bolívar received a European education. Influenced by European rationalism, he joined Venezuela's independence movement and became a prominent political and military leader. The revolutionaries expelled Venezuela's Spanish governor (1810) and declared the nation's independence in 1811. The young republic was defeated by the Spanish in 1814, and Bolívar went into exile. In 1819 he undertook a daring attack on New Granada, leading some 2,500 men over routes considered impassable. Taking the Spanish by surprise, he defeated them quickly. With the help of Antonio Sucre, he secured the independence of Ecuador in 1822. He completed Jose de San Martin's revolutionary work in Peru, freeing that country in 1824. On Bolívar's orders, Sucre liberated Upper Peru (1825). As president of both Colombia (1821-30) and Peru (1823-29), Bolívar oversaw the creation in 1826 of a league of Hispanic-American states, but the new states soon began warring among themselves. Less successful at ruling countries than at liberating them, Bolívar exiled himself and died on his way to Europe.