什么是砖石工艺

使用石头、砖或块料的建筑工艺。到西元前4000年，埃及人已经发展出繁复的切石技术。在克里特岛、义大利、希腊，巨石作品使用无砂浆、不规则形状的巨大石头，克服了材质上的弱点，进而减少了接合处的数量。非洲石匠也擅於无砂浆作品，而日本的无砂浆城堡墙壁能在地震中免於崩塌。罗马人发明混凝土和砂浆，让拱发展为基本建筑形式之一，并使墙上所用的饰面产生若干变异：正方形的石块、以粗石装饰的混凝土、有对角石层的混凝土、砖面和瓦面的混凝土、砖与石的混合等。亚述帝国和波斯帝国没有出产石头，人们使用晒乾的黏土砖。石头与黏土是中世纪和後来主要的砖石工艺材料。预铸混凝土常作为现代钢架的填充物，到20世纪才能与砖进行有效的竞争。空心墙中常混合或使用砖和空心砖。玻璃空心砖墙使用钢骨来强化砂浆接合处，能够透光，并比一般玻璃更能避免入侵或破坏。亦请参阅adobe。

masonry

Craft of building in stone, brick, or block. By 4000 BC, Egypt had developed an elaborate cut-stone technique. In Crete, Italy, and greece, cyclopean work overcame material weaknesses by using enormous irregularly shaped stones without mortar, thereby reducing the number of joints. African stonemasons also were skilled at mortarless work, and Japanese mortarless castle walls resisted collapse during earthquakes. The Roman inventions of concrete and mortar permitted the development of the arch into one of the basic construction forms and gave rise to a number of variations in the facing used for walls: squared stone blocks, concrete studded with rough stones, concrete with diagonal stone courses, brick- and tile-faced concrete, and mixed brick and stone. The Assyrian and Persian empires, which lacked stone outcroppings, used sun-dried clay bricks. Stone and clay were the primary masonry materials in the Middle Ages and later. Precast-concrete blocks, often used as infill in modern steel framing, did not effectively compete with brick until the 20th century. Brick and block are often combined or used in cavity walls. Glass-block walls, which utilize steel rods to reinforce the mortar joints, admit light and afford greater protection against intruders and vandals than ordinary glass. See also adobe, building stone.