什么是芬兰-乌戈尔宗教
关於居住在斯堪的那维亚半岛北部、西伯利亚、波罗的海地区和中部欧洲的芬兰-乌戈尔诸民族前基督教时期的宗教信仰与仪式。现存民族包括了萨米人(拉普人)、芬人、爱沙尼亚人、匈牙利人、彼尔姆人和窝瓦芬人。这些民族因地理环境和文化上的差异,使得他们的宗教信仰也有很大的不同。「精灵潜水采土造地」的神话是流传最广的芬兰-乌戈尔民族的创世之说,上帝命令精灵潜入海水中,取来沙砾,上帝用这些沙砾就成了这个地球;另一个神话则说「世界来自一个大卵」。天帝和地母是两个最重要的神。日常生活是由守护神负责;它们「统治」一方或「据有」一地,诸如一个文化范畴(如一个家庭),一处自然区域(如森林或湖泊)或一种自然现象(如火或风)。芬兰-乌戈尔诸民族亦敬奉祖先。宗教权威人士有巫师或卜者、献祭祭司、寺庙管家、职业泣妇、婚礼司仪。仪式举行地点有家祠和在林地筑以围栏的公祭场地,也有沿着放牧通路两边设置的「献祭石堆」。
Finno-Ugric religion
Pre-Christian belief systems of the Finno-Ugric peoples, who lived in northern Scandinavia, Siberia, the Baltic region, and central Europe. Surviving Finno-Ugric groups include the sami (Lapps), Finns, Estonians, and Magyars. The geographic and cultural diversity of these peoples led to the evolution of varying religious beliefs. The most common Finno-Ugric creation myth is the earth-diver myth, in which the devil is forced to dive into the sea and gather sand, from which God forms the earth. Another myth tells of the creation of the world from a cosmic egg. The chief deities usually included a sky god and an earth mother. While the major gods were remote, there were guardian spirits at hand to regulate daily life; they resided in households, natural sites such as lakes and forests, and natural phenomena such as wind or fire. Ancestor worship was practiced. Religious functionaries included shamans, sacrificing priests, guardians of the sanctuary, professional weeping women, and performers of wedding ceremonies. Cult centers ranged from home sanctuaries to sacred groves and sacrificial stones.
-
党政公文共有几种?
最新《党政机关公文处理条例》中公文共有15种。根据2012年版《党政机关公文处理条例》(目前最新版本),我国党政机关公文共有15种,分别为:(一)决议;(二)决定;(三)命令(令);(四)公报;(五)公告;(六)通告;(七)意见;(八)通知;(九)通报;(十)报告;(十一)请示;(十二)批复;(十三)议案;(十四)函;(十五)纪要。具体规定是:(一)决议...
-
风俗人情是什么意思?
意思是:指一地相沿而成的风尚、礼节、习惯等成语名字:风俗人情成语发音:fēngsúrénqíng成语解释:指一地相沿而成的风尚、礼节、习惯等成语出处:唐杜牧《唐故范阳卢秀才墓志》:“因言燕赵间山川夷险,教令风俗人情之所短长。”成语繁体:風俗人情常用程度:常用成语感情...
-
抽筋剥皮是什么意思?
意思是:形容剥削压迫非常残酷成语名字:抽筋剥皮成语发音:chōujīnbāopí成语解释:形容剥削压迫非常残酷成语出处:清刘鹗《老残游记续集遗稿》第二回:“可知那州县老爷们比娼妓还要下贱!遇见驯良百姓,他治死了还要抽筋剥皮,锉骨扬灰。”常用程度:常用成语感情色彩:中性成...
-
春去秋来是什么意思?
意思是:春天过去,秋天到来。形容时光流逝成语名字:春去秋来成语发音:chūnqùqiūlái成语解释:春天过去,秋天到来。形容时光流逝成语出处:明刘基《大堤曲》:“春去秋来年复年,生歌死哭长相守。”成语繁体:萅去秌來常用程度:常用成语感情色彩:中性成语成语用法:联合式;作状语...