什么是玛丽亚.特蕾西亚

Maria Theresa

德语作Maria Theresia

奥地利女大公、匈牙利女王、波希米亚女王（1740～1780）。神圣罗马帝国皇帝查理六世的长女。查理六世颁布了「国本诏书」，允许她继承哈布斯堡王室的领地。但是她的继承权遭到反对，引起了1740年的奥地利王位继承战争。查理七世死後（1745），她帮助她的丈夫取得了王位，为法兰西斯一世。她帮助启动财政和教育改革，促进商业和农业的发展，重组军队，所有的这一切壮大了奥地利的力量。但是与普鲁士的持续冲突导致了七年战争以及後来的巴伐利亚王位继承战争。她的丈夫死後（1765），她的儿子成为皇帝，为约瑟夫二世。她对约瑟夫二世的许多行动感到不满，但是同意分割波兰（1772）。作为18世纪欧洲强权政治中的主要人物，玛丽亚.特蕾西亚给哈布斯堡王室带来了统一，是哈布斯堡王室最有能力的统治者之一。她有十六个孩子，包括玛丽－安托瓦内特和利奥波德二世。

1717～1780年

Maria Theresa

Archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740-80). She was the eldest daughter of Emperor Charles VI, who promulgated the Pragmatic Sanction to allow her to succeed to the Habsburg domains. Opposition to her succession led in 1740 to the War of the Austrian Succession. After Emperor Charles VII died (1745), she obtained the imperial crown for her husband, who became Francis I. She helped initiate financial and educational reforms, promoted commerce and the development of agriculture and reorganized the army, all of which strengthened Austria's resources. Continued conflict with Prussia led to the Seven Years' War and later to the War of the Bavarian Succession. After her husband's death (1765), her son became emperor as Joseph II. She criticized many of his actions but agreed to the Partition of Poland (1772). A key figure in the power politics of 18th-century Europe, Maria Theresa brought unity to the Habsburg monarchy and was considered one of its most capable rulers. Her 16 children also included Marie-Antoinette and Leopold II.